Certification Milestone Finally, I have passed my Cisco Certified Network Associate certification. It is my first networking certificate, and to be honest, it was hard to learn everything this exa...

Overview IPv4 uses three types of addresses unicast, multicast and broadcast similarly IPv6 also three types of addresses, including unicast and multicast however there is no broadcast addresses i...

Overview Networking protocols provide services to achieve a specific goal as per their design. However, an attacker can take benefit of these protocols to destruct the main functionality. Today’s ...

Overview This post explains the role of DHCP, why we need it and how does it work in network. What is DHCP? Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network management protocol that automa...

Root Bridge Placement The root bridge election is based on the two ideas; One switch that is chosen as common reference point, and all other switches choose ports that have the best-cost ...

The Purpose of DNS Domain Name System (DNS) translates human-readable domain names into computer friendly IP addresses. Domain names are much easier for humans to use and remembers versus IP addre...

Overview Network Time Protocol (NTP) is to synchronize network device clock to a reference clock. A reference clock provides accurate time similar to an atomic clock or a GPS clock. Reference clock...

Managing Cisco IOS Software Cisco IOS software can be managed and administered using the command-line interface, which is the most preferred method. Today’s topic will show some of the ways a netwo...

Breaking the Loop: Understanding Spanning Tree Protocol What is Spanning Tree Protocol? Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is a Layer 2 link-management (IEEE 802.1D bridge) protocol, provides path red...

Understand Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP) Normally switchports are manually configured using either switchport mode access or switchport mode trunk. However, DTP allows Cisco switches to negotiat...